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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BJCR</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">British Journal of Contemporary Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">BJCR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn>2979-8582</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Bexford Publishing Ltd</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc><uri>https://bexfordpublishing.co.uk</uri></publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">BEX_SEP_26_291</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.67693/BJCR-5EVNUTGM</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Waste Engine Oil Treatment on Moisture Absorption and Hygroscopic Performance of Selected Tropical Hardwoods</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
      <contrib corresp="yes">
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Ekanem Benedict Agbonko</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>daoduemmanuel@unical.edu.ng</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      <contrib>
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Adeniyi Emmanuel Daodu</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>daoduemmanuel@unical.edu.ng</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>ORCID: 0009-0006-1915-284X | Mechanical Engineering, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      <contrib>
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Maria Kaka Etete Enoh</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>Mariabisong@unicross.edu.ng</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>ORCID: 0000-0003-1432-2513 | Department of Engineering, University of Cross River State (UNICROSS), Nigeria.</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      <contrib>
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Michael Ikpi Ofem</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>michaeliofem@unicross.edu.ng</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>ORCID: 0000-0002-3549-5483 | Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cross River State (UNICROSS), Nigeria.</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      
      
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received">
            <day>30</day>
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
        
        <event event-type="accepted">
          <event-desc>Accepted: <date date-type="accepted">
            <day>04</day>
            <month>10</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2026 Ekanem Benedict Agbonko</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>The moisture sensitivity of wood-based reinforcement can restrict dimensional stability and durability in humid service environments. This study examined the effect of waste engine oil impregnation on the moisture-absorption behaviour of three tropical hardwoods—White Safari (Triplochiton scleroxylon), Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) and Bush Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis)—considered for reinforcement in wood-based composite applications. Prepared specimens were separated into untreated controls and waste-engine-oil-treated groups. The treated specimens were immersed in filtered waste engine oil, drained and conditioned to stable mass before gravimetric moisture-absorption assessment. Moisture transport was interpreted using Fickian diffusion principles, while treatment effects were evaluated statistically at a 95% confidence level. Waste engine oil treatment reduced equilibrium moisture absorption in all three species. White Safari decreased from 11.80% to 6.20%, Opepe from 10.50% to 5.70%, and Bush Mahogany from 10.30% to 5.50%, corresponding to reductions of 47.46%, 45.71% and 46.60%, respectively. The treated specimens also showed slower moisture uptake and lower equilibrium values than the untreated controls. These findings are consistent with partial occupation of pores and lumens by a hydrophobic oil phase and reduced accessibility of water-binding sites. The results demonstrate that waste engine oil impregnation can substantially reduce hygroscopic response in the selected hardwoods. However, environmental safety, contaminant leaching, long-term weathering and application-specific durability require evaluation before engineering deployment.</p></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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</article>