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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BJCR</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">British Journal of Contemporary Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">BJCR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn>2979-8582</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Bexford Publishing Ltd</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc><uri>https://bexfordpublishing.co.uk</uri></publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">BEX_SEP_26_241</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.67693/BJCR-6F4GL2CS</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Social, Cultural and Ideological Representations in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
      <contrib corresp="yes">
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Uka Nkemdirim Carol</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>wosu.okachukwu@ust.edu.ng</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of English and Literary Studies, Rivers State University, Nigeria</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      
      
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received">
            <day>27</day>
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
        
        <event event-type="accepted">
          <event-desc>Accepted: <date date-type="accepted">
            <day>02</day>
            <month>10</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2026 Uka Nkemdirim Carol</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Abstract
This study analyses the social, cultural, and ideological representations of women in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon, focusing on Mara’s experiences as she migrates from Ghana to Germany in pursuit of improved living conditions. It investigates the interplay of patriarchy, cultural expectations, migration, economic dependence, and sexual exploitation in shaping women’s circumstances within the novel. The analysis contends that Darko depicts female oppression as rooted not only in individual male actions but also in broader social, cultural, economic, and ideological structures that reinforce women’s obedience and dependence. Mara’s marriage to Akobi exemplifies the unequal power dynamics inherent in patriarchal unions, while her migration to Europe demonstrates that relocation does not inherently provide freedom or economic progress. Rather, her vulnerability is exacerbated by deception, isolation, financial abuse, and coerced prostitution. The study employs Womanism as its theoretical framework, emphasising its focus on the dignity, survival, economic empowerment, and self-determination of African women, as well as its advocacy for cooperation and mutual respect between genders. Through close textual analysis, the study demonstrates how Darko critiques the commodification of women’s bodies and labour and challenges cultural and ideological systems that legitimise male dominance. The findings suggest that authentic female liberation necessitates economic independence, personal autonomy, social recognition, and the transformation of unequal gender relations.
Keywords: Womanism, patriarchy, migration, gender inequality, economic exploitation, commodification, Amma Darko, Beyond the Horizon.</p></abstract>
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