Abstract The human mind, its modes of thought, emotional processes, attention, memory, imagination, motivation, willpower, habits, and self-regulation constitute some of the fundamental concerns of psychology. William Walker Atkinson’s Your Mind and How to Use It: A Manual of Practical Psychology (1911) represents an important strand of early twentieth-century practical psychology. Rather than attempting to provide an ultimate metaphysical definition of the mind, Atkinson focuses on understanding mental processes and developing practical methods for using and training the mind in everyday life. On the other hand, Thiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural, one of the foundational classics of Tamil ethical literature, does not present psychology as an independent scientific discipline. Nevertheless, it contains extensive reflections on thought, emotional regulation, desire, anger, self-control, perseverance, knowledge, social relationships, ethical conduct, and human flourishing. Chapters such as Adakkamudaimai (Self-Control), Poraiyudaimai (Forbearance), Azhukkaaraamai (Freedom from Envy), Vekkaamai (Freedom from Covetousness), Vekulaamai (Freedom from Anger), and Ukkamudaimai (Possession of Enthusiasm) provide valuable conceptual material for comparative psychological analysis. This study does not claim that Atkinson and Thiruvalluvar belonged to the same intellectual tradition or that the Tirukkural anticipated modern psychology in a literal historical sense. Rather, it employs a comparative conceptual framework to examine how two texts, separated by historical period, culture, genre, and intellectual context, address related questions concerning the regulation of human thought, emotion, desire, and behaviour. The study argues that Atkinson primarily conceptualizes self-regulation in terms of mental efficiency, attention, will, habit, and individual development, whereas Thiruvalluvar integrates self-regulation with ethical responsibility, social harmony, character formation, and human welfare. Thus, although the two traditions converge on the importance of self-control, their ultimate orientations differ. Atkinson asks how the mind can be effectively used, whereas Thiruvalluvar extends the question to how the mind ought to be governed in accordance with ethical principles. The study further proposes an interdisciplinary framework termed “Ethical Cognitive Self-Regulation”, integrating Atkinson’s concepts of attention, emotion, intellect, will, and habit with the Tirukkural’s principles of self-control, emotional restraint, perseverance, moral discipline, and social responsibility.