<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="en"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BJCR</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">British Journal of Contemporary Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">BJCR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn>2979-8582</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Bexford Publishing Ltd</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc><uri>https://bexfordpublishing.co.uk</uri></publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">BEX_JUL_26_219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.67693/BJCR-TUVGL7MB</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Trumpfication and Trumpformation of Development Aid: Ramifications for Africa in Democracy, Human Rights and Good Governance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
      <contrib corresp="yes">
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Awuor PONGE (PhD)</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>awuorponge@gmail.com</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Associate Research Fellow, African Policy Centre (APC), Nairobi; Adjunct Faculty, Development and Policy Studies, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science &amp; Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      <contrib>
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Charles Govan Ochieng&#039; OMWARE</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>cghoverhn@outlook.com</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7481-9820 | African Policy Centre (APC), Nairobi, Kenya</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      
      
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received">
            <day>28</day>
            <month>07</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
        
        <event event-type="accepted">
          <event-desc>Accepted: <date date-type="accepted">
            <day>02</day>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2026 Awuor PONGE (PhD)</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>The second Trump administration&#039;s ascent in January 2025 precipitated the most rapid rupture in the post-1945 development aid architecture, and eighteen months on, that rupture has proved cumulative rather than one-off. Through Executive Order 14169 and a cascade of subsequent actions, the United States froze foreign assistance, dismantled the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), terminated thousands of contracts and grants, expanded the Mexico City Policy into a sweeping &quot;Promoting Human Flourishing in Foreign Assistance&quot; rule, and pivoted from need-based multilateralism to transactional, security- and minerals-driven bilateralism. This article advances two analytical constructs—Trumpfication (the politicisation and securitisation of aid as a reward-and-punishment instrument) and Trumpformation (the structural reconfiguration of aid institutions toward selective, transactional engagement)—to interpret the shift. Drawing on documentary analysis, OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) data showing a historic 23.1% real-terms decline in global ODA in 2025 followed by a further projected decline in 2026 (the first three-year consecutive fall since 1992–1995), peer-reviewed mortality modelling, and country-level evidence across five African regions, the article assesses ramifications for democracy, human rights and governance. It finds that aid-based leverage for elections, anti-corruption and civil liberties has collapsed; that strategically valuable autocrats are insulated while non-aligned democracies are punished; that a second wave of &quot;responsible exit&quot; terminations in February 2026 shows the rupture continuing rather than stabilising; and that health-data-sharing compacts and the Democratic Republic of Congo&#039;s minerals-for-security pact exemplify an emerging template in which aid is exchanged for sovereign data, resources and strategic access rather than governance reform. The article argues that the moment demands an African-led accountability, financing and evaluation system grounded in Made in Africa Evaluation (MAE) principles, accelerated domestic resource mobilisation, and pan-African solidarity through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

Keywords: Trumpfication, Trumpformation, USAID, PEPFAR, securitisation of aid, Africa, democracy, human rights, Made in Africa Evaluation</p></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
</article>