Nigeria has implemented numerous economic reforms over the past four decades with the objective of achieving sustainable economic growth, reducing poverty, attracting investments, and diversifying its economy. Despite these efforts, development outcomes have remained below expectations. While successive governments have emphasized macroeconomic stabilization, fiscal consolidation, privatization, deregulation, and monetary reforms, comparatively less attention has been devoted to strengthening subnational competitiveness and institutional arrangements capable of driving productive economic transformation. This article argues that Nigeria's development challenge extends beyond economic reforms to encompass the need for a new development paradigm anchored on state-level competitiveness and productive federalism. Drawing upon New Institutional Economics, Competitive Federalism Theory, Endogenous Growth Theory, and Developmental State perspectives, the study adopts a qualitative analytical methodology based on documentary research and comparative policy analysis. Secondary data are obtained from government reports, World Bank publications, African Development Bank reports etc. The study critically evaluates Nigeria's reform trajectory from the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) era to the contemporary reform agenda under the Renewed Hope economic framework. The findings suggest that although macroeconomic reforms have generated episodic improvements in economic indicators, institutional weaknesses, excessive fiscal centralization, weak state-level productive capacity, and limited inter-state competitiveness continue to constrain inclusive development. Comparative evidence from countries such as India, China, Germany, Brazil, and Ethiopia demonstrate that decentralized productive governance, competitive subnational economies, and place-based industrial strategies significantly enhance national development outcomes. The article proposes a framework of productive federalism that encourages healthy competition among states in investment attraction, industrial development, agricultural modernization, innovation ecosystems, infrastructure provision, and human capital development. It concludes that Nigeria's future prosperity depends less on repeated macroeconomic reforms and more on transforming states into competitive productive economies capable of driving national growth from the bottom upward. Keywords: Nigeria, Economic Reforms, Productive Federalism, State Competitiveness, Development Strategy, Institutional Economics, Regional Development, Competitive Federalism.