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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BJCR</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">British Journal of Contemporary Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">BJCR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn>2979-8582</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Bexford Publishing Ltd</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc><uri>https://bexfordpublishing.co.uk</uri></publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">BEX_AUG_26_255</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.67693/BJCR-EPX9L4DU</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Fuel Price Variation And The Role Of Financial Inclusion In Household Consumption Among Nigerian Households: Evidence From Cross-Sectional Variation In PMS Prices</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
      <contrib corresp="yes">
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Machief Paul Ezekiel</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>paul.machief@gmail.com</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Department of Economics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      <contrib>
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Musa, Shehu Amfani, PhD.</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>smusaa@ibbu.edu.ng</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>Economics department faculty of social science Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Niger state, Nigeria.</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      
      
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received">
            <day>31</day>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
        
        <event event-type="accepted">
          <event-desc>Accepted: <date date-type="accepted">
            <day>05</day>
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2026 Machief Paul Ezekiel</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Abstract 
This study examined the relationship between digital financial inclusion and the reaction of Nigerian households to changes in fuel prices based on the two theories proposed; Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and Liquidity constraint theory, with the specific variables of interest being consumption of the Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) and total household expenditure (THE). Due to the changes in fuel prices in recent years and the elimination of subsidy, Nigeria is now facing a lot of economic vulnerabilities to Nigerian households, making it very important to understand the role of financial access in household welfare. Data from the Nigerian Household Tax Perception Survey for 2018 (a total of 6,394 national observations) was utilized in the study. Two primary outcomes were analysed: total household consumption expenditure and total household PMS expenditure (as a secondary outcome). This study used three indicators of financial inclusion: bank account ownership, having a mobile phone, and having banking infrastructure (ATM) in an area. Robust econometric models such as Quantile Regression and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used in the study. Because of the cross-sectional nature of the data, all findings should be interpreted as associations, and not as causal effects. The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant positive relationship between bank account ownership and total expenditure of the household in all models used. This indicates that the access to formal services is associated to the level of household consumption. However, ownership of mobile phone indicates positive but not significant association with fuel consumption but it also is linked to higher fuel prices. In addition, the differences between regions and between cities and rural areas show that there are important linkages with both total consumption and pricing outcomes. It was concluded that owning a bank account is positively related to consumption of households, but no causal interpretation can be made due to the study design. Recommendations made for policy are: increased availability of affordable banking facilities in less-developed areas, enhancements to the physical financial facilities and addressing structural inequalities issues in the regional fuel supply.

Keywords: Household, Financial inclusion, Mobile Banking, ATM, Fuel, Price, Nigeria, Association, Cross-sectional analysis.</p></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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