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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BJCR</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">British Journal of Contemporary Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">BJCR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn>2979-8582</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Bexford Publishing Ltd</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc><uri>https://bexfordpublishing.co.uk</uri></publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">BEX_AUG_26_145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.67693/BJCR-4PS9BYCR</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group xml:lang="en" subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Beauty as Livelihood: Makeup Artistry and New Forms of Women’s Entrepreneurship among Muslims in Kolkata</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
      <contrib corresp="yes">
        <name-alternatives>
          <name name-style="western" specific-use="primary">
            <given-names>Nagma Begum</given-names>
          </name>
        </name-alternatives>
        <email>nagmabegum077@gmail.com</email>
        <bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Vedanta College, Kolkata, India</p></bio>
      </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      
      
      <pub-history>
        <event event-type="received">
          <event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received">
            <day>22</day>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
        
        <event event-type="accepted">
          <event-desc>Accepted: <date date-type="accepted">
            <day>29</day>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>2026</year>
          </date></event-desc>
        </event>
      </pub-history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2026 Nagma Begum</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Abstract
Today, makeup artistry in Kolkata, India, has evolved far beyond the confined spaces of traditional beauty salons. No longer dismissed as a minor aspect of women&#039;s personal grooming, it is now widely recognized as a legitimate and respected profession. Individuals entering the industry currently have a diverse array of career paths to choose from. These options include mobile makeup artists who travel to clients&#039; homes or event locations, and independent freelancers who manage their own bookings rather than working for a specific salon. Additionally, professionals can become instructors who teach skills to beginners, beauty bloggers who showcase their work online to build a personal brand, or even entrepreneurs who establish and run their own independent studios. This article specifically examines how Muslim women within this demographic have transformed their makeup skills into a viable source of income. Rather than conducting interviews to gather new primary data, the researchers utilized a dual-method approach: they compiled existing secondary data from qualitative studies and conducted case study analyses of real-world examples found on digital platforms. The study comparatively examines the professional experiences of Simran Parveen and Sabiha Lodi, alongside Mariam Javed and other Muslim female makeup artists in Kolkata. Their entrepreneurial journeys challenge socially constructed gender roles that have traditionally associated women with domestic and caregiving responsibilities (Berger &amp; Luckmann, 1966; Oakley, 1974). By transforming aesthetic skills into viable careers and entrepreneurial ventures, these women are expanding women&#039;s economic participation and challenging the invisible barriers of the “glass ceiling” that restrict women&#039;s professional advancement (Morrison et al., 1987; Cotter et al., 2001). Furthermore, to assess the community&#039;s overall landscape, small businesses operating in the local digital beauty economy specifically those focused on makeup, hairstyling, and henna painting (the traditional art of applying decorative skin designs using henna plant sap) are categorized into a single cluster.
Keywords: Makeup Artistry, Beauty-work, Entrepreneurship, Digital Labor, Empowerment, Aesthetics labor, Intersectionality</p></abstract>
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